Market Strategy

Market Strategy Dynamic This article clarifies the market technique of Persil clothing cleanser Company which was created from close thought of the current client needs and the market condition. Market division is technique that has been utilized and sections Persil clothing cleanser Company separates itself from the other contending organizations, for example, Aerial and Omo detergents.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on Market Strategy explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Some of the manners in which that it uses to separate itself is by thinking of new items which are pressed in new looking bundles that convey a great deal of data and are adequate by the fragmented client advertise. The new items furnish the clients with additional administrations at contrasted with different cleansers henceforth giving us the preferred position over different organizations. Presentation Market division is an idea found in both showcasing and financial aspects and it includes sepa rating the market into littler fragments of individual gatherings which have comparable needs and needs. There are two significant classes of division for example mechanical market division and buyer based division. In this article we will mostly concentrate on buyer based division since the deals of the item we are showcasing (Persil clothing cleanser) can be altogether expanded on the off chance that we applied this methodology. The fundamental point of shopper based division is to partition the clients as indicated by their particular needs and needs and to make it simpler for the advertisers to target them, persuade and hold them. Market division The customers (markets) can be classified into three primary sections for example conduct division, Psychographic division and ultimately geodemographic division. Geodemographic can be part into two portions (geographic and segment division) yet thinking of them as together as one section assists advertisers with getting increasingly ex act outcomes in that geodemographic considers the requirements of the customer populace along with the topographical zones that they spread. More or less geodemographic takes out two targets with one shot. On account of showcasing Persil clothing cleanser geodemographical division would be include territory secured by the clients (for example the entire nation), class, religion, instruction and age of the objective clients of which the fundamental for our situation is the moderately aged females and the single guys since they are the ones who for the most part search for the clothing cleansers (Christian, 2008).Advertising Looking for article on business financial matters? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Psychographics division applies the standards of brain research and socioeconomics with the point of getting customers. It division in this way separates customers as indicated by their character, ways of life and qualities . We can for the most part say that our objective clients for the most part have a ton of tasks to take care of and they would extraordinarily esteem a cleanser that spares them somewhere in the range of few moments by evacuating the earth along with the difficult stains from their clothing promptly it comes into contact with the garments for example in a solitary wash. Referencing this to the clients on promotions and printing it on the cleanser parcels would help a great deal in accomplishing this (Hawkins and David, 2009). Social division bunches the client advertise as per the clients demeanor towards specific items, their insight about it and ultimately their reactions towards it. This obviously shows the advertisers must get precise data concerning the over three from their clients and by so doing they can hold the clients for whatever length of time that conceivable. Offer, separation and situating Value recommendation is an explanation that organizations and advertisers use to persuade expected clients to purchase their items rather than those of their rivals it sums up the extra advantages that the clients will pick up from their item. This is accomplished by how a business separates itself from its rivals and positions itself at a particular situation with a preferred position over its rivals (Robertwinton, 2007). Separation then again is basically the demonstration of building up a lot of contrasts that plainly recognize what an organization offers from what its rivals are advertising. Every distinction that an organization creates accompanies an expense of executing it yet additionally there is a general profit by what it conveys to the customers. Along these lines, the advantages of the distinctions must be more than the expense for them to be productive to a business. The choices that are made during separation are what positions a business in the market as it were separation prompts the situating of a business either at an advantaged position or a distraught one. As indicated by Phillip Kotler (2009), â€Å"Positioning is the demonstration of structuring the companys offering and character (that will make an arranged picture) so they involve a significant and particular serious situation in the objective clients minds. The final product of situating is the formation of a market-centered offer, a basic away from of why the objective market should purchase the product†.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on Market Strategy explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The connection between the three ideas (incentive, separation and situating) is presently clear for example separation prompts situating and situating brings about formation of an offer which persuades clients to by one item and not the other (Littler, 1995, p 34). The offer of Persil clothing cleanser is in a basic statement,†Wash out the earth not the colors†. A great deal of clients are generally disheartened y how the majority of the cleansers wind up washing endlessly the first shade of their garments leaving them blurred. Additionally on the parcel of Persil clothing cleanser is some basic guidelines on the best way to utilize it and it unmistakably shows that Persil clothing cleanser accomplishes all crafted by evacuating all the earth in a solitary wash. The two fundamental contenders of Persil clothing cleanser are Aerial and Omo cleansers. The two organizations are as yet youthful yet they are developing at an exceptionally high rate that appears to be threatening to Persil clothing cleanser which has been the significant cleanser in the market for quite a long time. Aerial’s offer is additionally in for of a basic proclamation that expresses that ‘Aerial is your least expensive clothing solution’. This is one of thing that puts the other two organizations at an advantaged position since clients see Aerial as just conservative however not the best. Omo cleansers additio nally have an offer which is somewhat better than that of Aerial and it expresses that ‘Omo multi dynamic cleanser evacuates all obstinate stains’. This sort of guarantees the clients that Omo cleansers will give them the best outcomes by just expelling all the difficult stains from their clothing. What they miss to cite is that the first shade of the garments will even now stay safe consequently leaving us a t an advantaged position for example the client is guaranteed that Persil clothing cleanser will evacuate all the soil, including the difficult stains, on their however leave them as they were previously. As you probably are aware, the entire world is attempting to create green advances that are natural amicable. This is because of the expanded natural debasement which has over the long haul influences the wellbeing of us people by causing a few maladies that guarantee a great deal of lives in the social orders. This has additionally drawn the consideration of Pers il clothing Detergents Company and as result; we have thought of a home grown variant of Persil clothing cleanser. The new Herbal cleanser performs far better than the past one because of the way that it contains some common segments extricated from characteristic herbs and they are ecological agreeable since they are biodegradable.Advertising Searching for article on business financial aspects? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More This thought persuades clients to purchase our item since they will get the better assistance from our item and they will be effectively taking an interest in ecological protection. This put us in a points of interest position from our rivals who are as yet creating the old compound cleanser which somehow or another isn't natural neighborly. Our new situating articulation will be ‘Go green and wash out the soil not the colors’. This will likewise showed in the new look of our parcels which will contain a green shading with some of test drawings of the herbs that are utilized in assembling the cleanser. End There are various advantages of an all around arranged market technique among them being the turn of events and meaning of the objectives of a business and the potential methods of accomplishing them. One thing that permits organizations to keep flourishing is the accomplishment of the objectives that were set up and for this to be achieved the business must have the o ption to procure and hold clients. This must be done through advertising and deals since they are the main business works that straightforwardly manages the clients in all types of organizations. References Christian, G. (2008). The Marketing Strategy Continuum: Towards a Marketing Concept for the 1990s. New York: MCB UP Ltd. Hawkins, D. what's more, David, L. (2009). Customer Behavior: Building Marketing Strategy. UK: McGraw-Hill College. Kotler, P. (2009) Marketing Strategy Differentiating and Positioning the Market Offering. Web. Humbler, D. (1995). Advertising technique. Oxford: Butterworth. Robertwinton. (2007). Build up A Product Marketing Strategy. Web.

Porter’s Diamond Model For China Free Essays

The get together industry utilizes the development components to exploit over different nations. This is on the grounds that they have increasingly instructed workforce, this will assist them with doing their work at progressively advanced route with better innovative enhancements, and for the most part at less expensive cost which is the greatest bit of leeway for gathering industry till now. Government interest ahead of time factors has additionally furnished the business with many instructed laborers, as result profiting the gathering business in general. We will compose a custom exposition test on Porter’s Diamond Model For China or then again any comparative subject just for you Request Now On the off chance that the household request rises this will by and large put the focus on the get together industry to think of new plans and progressively creative innovations to take the gathering business to new level. Subsequently different organizations like Nokia, Sony, HP who were at that point related with the china get together industry they will be dazzled with this new upgrades, along these lines pulling in different company’s likewise towards the China get together industry. On account of these huge upgrades of the gathering business numerous household firms are presently urged to contribute all the more making increasingly advance elements, with the goal that it encourages the business to turn out to be progressively effective. This accordingly makes an upper hand for the business. Subsequently offering ascend to more rivalry, and improving the item or administrations more. Various nations have diverse administration philosophies. As it is a get together industry all the more mechanically related directors are expected to deal with the business like architects ought to be there at the top level so they will comprehend the best which machines to utilize, or which is more refreshed so they can run the business all the more well. By and large this will keep the business in pace with others, consequently they will have the option to offer better types of assistance, drawing in increasingly remote organizations, and will likewise have the option to hold their situation at the pinnacle. Step by step instructions to refer to Porter’s Diamond Model For China, Papers

This Book is Not a Tree Essay Example for Free

This Book isn't a Tree Essay The presentation of this book discusses how the things in our house are unsafe to the earth. The creator gives models on these things and these things extend from an elastic shoes to a seat up to a PC. The creator calls attention to that there is nothing of the sort as reusing, yet we ‘downcycle’ these things. We utilize unsafe synthetic compounds to ‘recycle’ things. In any case, the creator makes reference to that purchasers ought not be liable of purchasing these things. The makers should bear the weight of making their items condition cordial. They ought to be the one to change their procedures to make their items less hurtful. The creator likewise remarks that these makers ought not concentrate on minor changing the crude materials that they use however to concentrate on making something great in their enterprises. A Question of Design Here, the negative side of the Industrial Revolution is introduced by the creator. There are numerous synthetic compounds that the industrials have been utilizing in assembling merchandise. They are continually encouraging that they are searching for a greater domain agreeable substances yet they are not taking care of business. Therefore, numerous individuals are becoming ill due to these industrials. Contamination has gotten uncontrolled, as well. That is the reason these industrials ought to be restricted in utilizing hurtful synthetic concoctions. Why Being Less Bad is No Good This article discusses how the mechanical organizations are getting along anything to be condition agreeable. They are attempting to advance reusing of waste materials or to ‘downplay’ the utilization of synthetic compounds in their creation. Be that as it may, these strategies don't end up being fruitful. In reusing materials, there are still synthetic substances that are utilized to change the waste items. This demonstrates there is nothing of the sort as proficiency in the mechanical organizations. They will simply keep on utilizing unsafe synthetic concoctions in reusing squanders and different assets. That is ‘why being less terrible is no good’. It is preposterous that the modern organizations are utilizing less crude materials in their creation and that they can in any case expand their benefits. What they could do is to consider different manners by which their waste items have different employments. Eco-Effectiveness This part discusses how the industrials should make â€Å"healthy merchandise and sound side-effects. † The creator gives a case of how a basic structure configuration could enhance nature. Regular lighting, great perspectives, and outside air are only a portion of the things that the creator should place into thought when planning structures. This will help in persuading the structure to be condition amicable in light of the fact that the utilization of power will be limited and the representatives will be propelled with the great perspectives. The modern organizations ought to be this way, as well. They should place into thought the inexhaustible assets that they could use in substitution of the nonrenewable assets that they are utilizing.

The Life of Discriminated - Free Essay Example

It was a hot sunny day, when a couple of fellas named Lennie and George were running out the town of Weed. They traveled all around, both kept the gear they took rolled up on their backs. They made it quite a bit then found another work place to start steak. They finally got hired back somewhere and George let Lennie know not to talk to anybody or do anything. Lennie has a disability, to where he cant function he cant realize his own strength. In John Steinbeckrs novel, of Mice and Men, Steinbeck uses discrimination to express how Lennie, Crooks, and Curleys wife got treated.. Lennie is discriminated against because he has a mental disability. George says Dont mess with her shers gonna stir up some trouble. George talks to Lennie likes hers helpless, Lennie had some kind of disorder but he was big and strong. Lennie started traveling with George when his Aunt Clara had passed away, and George looks after him and tries to keep him out of trouble. They drink from rivers which is dirty but Lennie is so stupid he cant comprehend. Crooks is discriminated against because hers black. He says Well I got a right to have a light, you go on get out of my room. I aint wanted in the bunkhouse and yall aint wanted in here.Crooks was separated, he has his own little room in the back of the barn. Hers black and lonely, and lets people know when they aint wanted. Consequently all the while people are in the bunkhouse and hers out there. This was before civil rights and when blacks were treated more like slaves. They was dirty and did everything asked of and he could not be with the white people. Curleyrs wife is discriminated because she has no freedom. She has no freedom cause she got married so she could leave home. But her husband dont want her out by his workers, her husband expects her to stay in the house all day. She cried, aint I got a right to talk to nobody? Her face grew angerlie, whats the matter with me.Lennie the disorder one was petting his puppy he got through it and she caught him why he was alone. She came in and sat right next to him, she flirted with every guy there and George let Lennie know not to talk to her. George let him know shell stir up trouble. Earlier in the story she came by the bunkhouse while her husband was off somewhere. She tried flirting and they let her know she was not allowed in their bunkhouse. You could call her a whore and she was young about 16-17 years old. In John Steinbeckrs novel, of Mice and Men, Steinbeck uses discrimination to express how Lennie, Crooks, and Curleys wife felt. Steinbecks essay tells how all the characters felt throughout the story. Steinbeck wrote about discrimination so that we can see how they wasnt all treated equally. For instance, Crooks was black so he couldnt sleep where white people lay their heads. Lennie got bossed around because he had some kind of disorder. Curleyrs wife was forced to stay in the house and talk to no other men then her husband.

Summary Of Morality Play And Harrison Bergeron - 1215 Words

People make their choices based on multiple factors, such as the environment, peers, parents, strangers,etc. Naturally, individuals follow either someone or something. Everyone goes about life, each and everyday consisting of instructions and directions. People stop at the red light and stop at a stop sign, it shows how easily is it to follow a set of instructions instantly. Commonly, decisions have outcomes: good or bad. But what determines whether it is good or evil? Everything can have consequences, however, it can be positive or negative. If someone went through a red light, they can get a ticket (negative) so in order to put them in a good direction, they would not repeat their mistake. In order to understand these terms, ask†¦show more content†¦The people do and listen whatever the king says, ethics. However in the story, the players knew by performing a play about the murder; they would be going against the Lord’s wishes. But, by choosing to go forward with th e play because it was the right thing to do is, morality. Even though,it was not their town to address the situation, the morals within themselves could not see an innocent woman be blamed. In â€Å"Harrison Bergeron†, it gave great details of the time period; it specifically said the year and how many Amendments there were. Why does the number of Amendments matter? It shows over time how society changed their rules; whether it means a good or bad. Just like the other story, someone or people are in control and create rules for everyone else under to follow. The character in â€Å"Harrison Bergeron† were all meant being equal. If someone was stronger; they had weights to weigh them down, if someone was above the intelligence like George; they were given mental handicaps; if someone was more appealing; a mask must be worn, and so in and so forth. This are fine examples, to show how ethics can overrule mortality; when living in a strict society. Unlike the player, if any one wished to be their own person; it would have been considered of trying to overthrow the government. People can set rules for themselves but it must be in the lines of the law. Character description explains what type of person they are and can predict their

Compare and Contrast Early and Late Marriage - 750 Words

Marriage is an inevitable stage of our life. However, people debate over the pros and cons of early marriage and late marriage. Some people get married early just because of their environment and culture. Some have to marry their partner due to pregnancy or other social issues. In some parts of the world, people focus more on education and career and they prefer to marry late. Undoubtedly, the marriage is one of the most important institutions of the society. Each person in the world would like to get married as a consequence, they want to have their children and their houses which is they can live. However, there is a comparison and contrast on marrying young or marrying late. The first difference in marrying late or marrying early is†¦show more content†¦Some young people decide to get married even without any sources to existing. The reason for lack of money in a young family is not only a low income but also radiant expectations of the young. Teenagers think they will be able to buy all that things immediately while their parents have needed years for achieving such wealth. Having baby at early twenties can have some other advantages in early marriage compare to late marriage. In such cases, parents and children would grow up in similar culture and they can have more understandings to each other. Before the age of 50, they can be more relaxed because the children will be old enough to take care of themselves. When their children become teenagers, they’re still young enough to be not just their parents, but also their friends. Late marriage will result in late childbirth which is not very ideal for both mother’s and baby’s health. Then, people will give birth to fewer children than those in early marriages. Some might even plan to adopt one. Having fewer children means less bound between husband and wife. Parents are too old by the time their children get married. Probably not even chance to see their grandchildren. Companionship exist in both early and late marriage. In a marriage there is always someone to talk to or to listen to you. Sometimes, of course, your spouse might not be really listening to you but it is still more satisfying than talking to yourself. It is goodShow MoreRelatedThe Movement Of The 18th And 17th Century Essay1526 Words   |  7 Pagesin a poet’s zone invariably sets you inside a poetic movement or community. Major poetic movements include Greek Poetry Schools (6th century BC), Provencal literature (11th-12th century), Silican court poets (mid 13th to early 14th centuries), Elizabeth and Romantican poets (late 16th- 17th century), American Transcendentalists, Paris expatriate (Surrealist) and Beat poets (20th Century). These movements have been fundamental to change the course of poetry in and out of their eras. 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Castaway film analysis free essay sample

1 Introduction Synopsis Cast and Crew Awards and Credits 2 Scene Breakdown 3 Narrative Analysis 4 Character Analysis 5 Aesthetics and Design Misc-en-scene Props Set Lighting Editing Video Audio 6 Auteur Analysis 7 Textual Analysis Symeotics/Marxists/ Retotic, Physco 8 Conclusion Introduction Cast Away reunites star Tom Hanks with director Robert Zemeckis, their first film together since 1994s Oscar-winning Forrest Gump. The film was a critical and commercial success, and Hanks was nominated for Best Actor in a Leading Role at the 73rd Academy Awards for his performance. Movie: Cast Away Tagline: At the edge of the world, his journey begins. Storyline: A FedEx executive must transform himself physically and emotionally to survive a crash landing on a deserted island. Genres: Adventure, Action, Drama Motion Picture Rating (MPAA): Rated PG-13 for intense action sequences and some disturbing images Duration: 2 hr. 23 min. Directed By: Robert Zemeckis Written By: William Broyles Country: USA Language: English, Russian Release Date: In Theaters 22 December 2000 (Wide) On DVD Jun 12, 2001 Released by: 20th Century Fox Box Office Budget: $90,000,000 (estimated) Opening Weekend: ?2,807,312 (UK) (12 January 2001) Gross: $233,630,478 (USA) (13 July 2001) Worldwide: $429,632,142 Technical Specifications Runtime 2 hr 23 min (143 min) Sound Mix SDDS | DTS | Dolby Digital Color Color Aspect Ratio 1. 85 : 1 Camera Panavision Panaflex Gold II, Panavision Primo Lenses Panavision Panaflex Millennium XL, Panavision Primo Lenses Panavision Panaflex Platinum, Panavision Primo Lenses Laboratory DeLuxe, Hollywood (CA), USA (also prints) Film Length 3,918 m (Sweden) 3,917 m (Switzerland) 4,027 m (Spain) Negative Format 35 mm (Eastman EXR 50D 5245, EXR 100T 5248, Kodak Vision 250D 5246, Vision 500T 5279, SFX 200T) Cinematographic Process Spherical Printed Film Format 35 mm (Kodak Vision 2383) Plot Summary Chuck Noland is a FedEx manager who demands that everything must be on time and travels the world to make sure punctuality is on top of everything else. He has a girlfriend, Kelly, with whom he is deeply in love with and family he hardly sees. When work intrudes on Christmas Eve, Chuck has a quick gift exchange in the car and kisses Kelly goodbye. He boards a delivery plane going overseas which gets caught in a horrendous storm and crashes into the Pacific. The sole survivor Chuck washes up on a remote island along with several FedEx packages that he must use for supplies. With limited luxury, he adapts to the island over the course of 1,500 nights. When Chuck finally sees his chance he rafts out on the ocean and fortunately is spotted. After a welcome-back reception, Chuck finds Kelly has married another man and has children. But he is missing more than her. For all his life his objective was work. For four years, it was survival. Now Chuck is compelled to live. Synopsis In 1995, Chuck Noland (Tom Hanks) is a time-obsessed systems analyst, who travels worldwide resolving productivity problems at FedEx depots. He is in a long-term relationship with Kelly Frears (Helen Hunt), with whom he lives in Memphis, Tennessee. Although the couple wants to get married, Chucks busy schedule interferes with their relationship. Chuck being summoned to resolve a problem in Malaysia interrupts a Christmas with relatives. While flying through a violent storm, his airplane crashes into the Pacific Ocean. Chuck is able to escape the sinking plane and is saved by an inflatable life raft but in the process, loses the rafts emergency locator transmitter. He clings to the life raft, loses consciousness, and floats all night before being washed up on an island. After he awakens, he explores the island and soon discovers that it is uninhabited. Several FedEx packages from the crashed plane wash up on the shore, as well as the corpse of one of the pilots (whom he buries). He initially tries to signal for rescue and makes an escape attempt with the remnants of his life-raft, but he cannot pass the powerful surf. He searches for food, water, shelter, and opens the packages, finding a number of potentially useful items. He leaves one package, with a pair of wings painted on it, unopened. During a first attempt to make fire, Chuck receives a deep wound to his hand. In anger he throws several objects, including a Wilson Sporting Goods volleyball from one of the packages. A short time later he draws a face in the bloody handprint on the ball, names it Wilson and begins talking to it. Four years later, Chuck is dramatically thinner, bearded, his hair is longer, and he is wearing a loincloth. He has become adept at spearing fish and making fires. He also has regular conversations and arguments with Wilson. A large section from a portable toilet washes up on the island; Chuck uses it as a sail in the construction of a raft. After spending some time building and stocking the raft and deciding when the weather conditions will be optimal (using an analemma he has created in his cave to monitor the time of year), he launches, using the sail to overcome the powerful surf. After some time on the ocean, a storm nearly tears his raft apart. The following day, Wilson falls from the raft and is lost, leaving Chuck overwhelmed by loneliness. Later, he is found drifting by a passing cargo ship. Upon returning to civilization, Chuck learns that he has long been given up for dead; his family and friends had held a funeral, and Kelly has since married Chucks dentist and has a daughter. After reuniting with Kelly, the pair professes their love for each other but realizing a future together would be impossible due to her commitment to her family, they part. Kelly gives Chuck the keys to the car they once shared. Chuck then travels out into the country to return the unopened FedEx package to its sender. The house at the address is empty, so he leaves the package at the door with a note saying that the package saved his life. He then departs and stops at a remote crossroads. A woman passing by in a pickup truck stops to explain where each road leads. As she drives away, Chuck notices the illustration on her truck is identical to the one on the parcel. Chuck is left looking down each road and then toward the departing woman in the truck. Cast Tom Hanks as Chuck Noland Helen Hunt as Kelly Frears Nick Searcy as Stan Jenifer Lewis as Becca Twig Chris Noth as Jerry Lovett Lari White as Bettina Peterson Vince Martin as Albert Al Miller Geoffrey Blake as Maynard Graham Paul Sanchez as Ramon Lari White as Bettina Peterson Leonid Citer as Fyodor David Allen Brooks as Dick Peterson Yelena Popovic as Beautiful Russian Woman (as Yelena Papovic) Valentina Ananina as Russian Babushka Semion Sudarikov as Nicolai Tom Hanks as Chuck Noland Peter von Berg as Yuri (as Peter Von Berg) Dmitri S. Boudrine as Lev Francois Duhamel as French FedEx Loader Michael Forest as Pilot Jack Viveka Davis as Pilot Gwen Nick Searcy as Stan Jennifer Choeas Memphis State Student Helen Hunt as Kelly Frears Nan Martin Kellys Mother Anne Bellamy as Anne Larson Dennis Letts as Dennis Larson Wendy Worthingtonas Wendy Larson Skye McKenzie as Skye Larson Valerie Wildman as Virginia Larson John Duerler as John Larson Steve Monroeas Steve Larson Ashley Trefger as Lindsey Larson Alyssa Gainer as Katie Larson Kaitlyn Gainer as Katie Larson Lauren Gainer as Katie Larson Albert Pugliese as Gregory Larson Brandon Reinhardt as Matt Larson Matthew Reinhardt as Matt Larson Lisa Long as Lisa Madden Lauren Birkell as Lauren Madden Elden Henson as Elden Madden Timothy Stack as Morgan Stockton Alice Vaughn as Alice Stockton Chase MacKenzie Bebak as Chase Stockton (as Chase Bebak) Gage Bebak as Gage Stockton Amanda Cagney as Amanda Stockton Fred Semmeras Fred Stockton Peter Semmer as Fred Stockton Joe Conley as Joe Wally Aaron Rapkeas Ralph Wally Vince Martinas Pilot Al (as Vin Martin) Garret Davis as Pilot Blaine Jay Acovone as Pilot Peter Christopher Kriesa as Pilot Kevin Chris Noth as Jerry Lovett Fred Smith as Himself Michelle Robinson as FedEx Anchor #1 Tommy Cresswell as FedEx Anchor #2 Jenifer Lewisas Becca Twig Geoffrey Blake as Maynard Graham Rich Sickler as FedEx Manager Derick Alexander as Taxi Driver Rest of cast listed alphabetically: Brian Crider as FedEx Employee (uncredited) Mark S. Porro as Navigator (uncredited) Wilson the Volleyball as Himself (uncredited) Crew Produced by Steven J. Boyd Associate producer (as Steven Boyd) Joan Bradshaw Executive producer Tom Hanks Producer Cherylanne Martin Associate producer Jack Rapke Producer Steve Starkey- Producer Robert Zemeckis Producer Music by: Alan Silvestri Cinematography by: Don Burgess director of photography Film Editing by: Arthur Schmidt Casting by: Victoria Burrows Production Design by: Rick Carter Art Direction by Stefan Dechant Elizabeth Lapp William James Teegarden Set Decoration by: Rosemary Brandenburg, Karen OHara Costume Design by: Joanna Johnston Makeup Department: Kathryn Blondell hair stylist Deborah La Mia Denaver makeup artist Bill Myer makeup artist (as Bill Meyers) Darrell Redleaf-Fielder hair stylist: Ms. Hunt (as Darrell F. Fielder) Ronnie Specter makeup artist: Helen Hunt Daniel C. Striepeke- key makeup artist / makeup artist: Mr. Hanks Audrey L. Anzures hair stylist (uncredited) Gary Archer dental prosthetics (uncredited) Robin Fredriksz makeup artist: Helen Hunt (first half of film) (uncredited) Production Management Sergei Gurevich production manager: Russia Martin Krauka production supervisor: Russia Lidia Lukes production supervisor: Russia Cherylanne Martin unit production manager Nicola Olsen production supervisor: Fiji Peter M. Tobyansen production supervisor (as Peter Toby Tobyansen) Patrick Esposito post-production manager (uncredited) Second Unit Director or Assistant Director David M. Bernstein second assistant director (as David Bernstein) Carla Corwin first assistant director: second unit (as Carla R. Corwin) Alan B. Curtiss first assistant director Anna E. Hayward additional second assistant director (as Anna Hayward) Josh McLaglen first assistant director Douglas S. Ornstein first assistant director: second unit (as Doug Ornstein) Rich Sickler second assistant director (as Rich T. Sickler) Steve Starkey- second unit director Basti Van Der Woude second second assistant director W. Scott Wolf- second second assistant director Martin Krauka first assistant director: second unit (uncredited) Art Department William Acedo set dresser Graham Aston assistant property master: Fiji Carlo Basail greensman Nick Bassett set dresser: Fiji Todd Bennett- plaster foreman Kelly Berry buyer Len Borggrebe propmaker foreman Tristan Paris Bourne set dressing foreman (as Tristan P. Bourne) Steve Brennan assistant property (as Steven Brennan) Andrea Broyles original Angel Wings art Jon J. Bush set dressing foreman (as Jon Bush) Mark Comperry labor foreman Clifton T. Cooper assistant property: Memphis Gene Hap Cooper supervising sculptor (as Gene Cooper) Denis Cordova general foreman Chris Cummings art department coordinator Michael N. Dupuis labor foreman Anthony Feola toolman foreman (as Anthony J. Feola) Rachel A. Flores assistant property Ernesto Garcia labor foreman Michael Gastaldo assistant property master Nancy Gomes- paint supervisor (as Nancy A. Gomes) Pat Gomes paint foreman (as Patrick Gomes) Glen E. Hawbecker propmaker foreman (as Glen Hawbecker) Chris Johnson art department production assistant Kristin Frances Jones on-set dresser (as Kristin Jones) Kay Jordan construction accountant Philip Keller storyboard artist Neil Kirkland- construction coordinator: Fiji Pamela Klamer set designer (as Pam Klamer) Ann Knight buyer Dean Kraft construction foreman: Memphis Steven Ladish set dresser (as Steve O. Ladish) Tony Leonardi stand-by painter (as A. J. Leonardi) Alicia Maccarone set designer Hugo A. Maida labor foreman Kevin Mangan greensman foreman Louis Marquis lead plaster foreman (as Louis F. Marquis) Maureen McGuire props department assistant Andrew Menzies assistant art director Robin L. Miller property master Vladimir Murzin art director: Russia Nik Novis construction coordinator: Fiji Dan Ondrejko greensmen coordinator (as Danny Ondrejko) Jose Orozco greensman Mark Palmer on-set dresser (as Mark B. Palmer) Bill Phillips construction accountant David C. Potter lead person Edward J. Protiva set dresser Peter Ramsey storyboard artist Bruce Richter- art special effects Glenn H. Roberts set dresser (as Glenn Roberts) Greg Rocco set dresser (as Gregory N. Rocco) Darlene Salinas set decoration coordinator Yelena Shkatova property assistant: Russia (as Elena Schkatova) Kim Sinclair art director: Fiji Bob Skemp greensman general foreman Brett C. Smith lead person (as Brett Smith) Jay Smith draper (as James Smith) Steve Sola propmaker foreman John F. Soria labor foreman Dennis Steere welder foreman Patte Strong-Lord set designer Jim Stubblefield assistant property (as D. James Stubblefield) Edward Tamayo set dresser Jeffrey Thomas greensman foreman Kenneth Turek buyer Robert Van Dyke general foreman (as Robert J. Van Dyke) Cuitlahuac Morales Velazquez sculptor John Villarino construction coordinator Mike Villarino general foreman (as Michael Villarino) Freddy Waff set dresser Richard Blake Wester set dresser (as Richard Wester) Helen Wilson- props Michelle L. Wolcott art department production assistant Greg Aronowitz model maker (uncredited) / props designer (uncredited) Steve Brennan props (uncredited) Wayne Eaton- propmaker (uncredited) Mike Fields sculptor (uncredited) Michael Goss toolman (uncredited) J. Bryan Holloway sculptor (uncredited) James Jones sculptor (uncredited) Heather Kelton set dressing coordinator (uncredited) Jeff Khachadoorian carpenter (uncredited) Mark A. Mancinelli plasterer gangboss (uncredited) Warren Manser illustrator (uncredited) Jeff Ogg carpenter (uncredited) Chris Patterson set dresser (uncredited) Chris Peterson set dresser (uncredited) Doug Sieck set dresser (uncredited) Jason Sweers- graphic designer (uncredited) Margaret A. Thigpen- set dresser (uncredited) Jeffrey Thomas stand-by greensman (uncredited) David Tomeo- stand-by painter: second unit (uncredited) Shaun Young- set dresser (uncredited) Sound Department Eleanor Beaton foley assistant Jessica Bellfort supervising assistant sound (as Jessica Bellfort Rankin) Derek Casari adr engineer Tony Eckert foley mixer Ken Fischer sound effects editor Sue Fox foley editor Andrea S. Gard foley editor (as Andrea Stelter Gard) David C. Hughes sound effects editor Robert Jackson boom operator Tom Johnson- sound re-recording mixer William B. Kaplan production sound mixer Stephen Kearney sound effects editor Dennis Leonard supervising sound editor David Lucarelli adr recordist Marilyn McCoppen adr supervisor / dialogue supervisor Stuart McCowan assistant sound designer Frank Pepe Merel foley recordist Peggy Names- boom operator (as Peggy A. Names) Charleen Richards adr mixer Earl Sampson- boom operator (as Earl F. Sampson) Dennis S. Sands sound re-recording mixer (as Dennis Sands) Larry Schalit- dialogue assistant Steve Slanec- adr assistant Erich Stratmann assistant sound effects editor Ewa Sztompke dialogue editor (as Ewa Sztompke-Oatfield) Randy Thom sound designer / sound re-recording mixer Dennie Thorpe foley artist Jana Vance foley artist Brian Chumney digital sound technician (uncredited) Sean England- machine room operator (uncredited) Thomas Giordano sound reinforcement (uncredited) David Hunter- digital sound technician (uncredited) Brian Magerkurth machine room operator (uncredited) Larry Oatfield conforming sound editor (uncredited) Chris Pinkston sound technician (uncredited) Ronald G. Roumas sound re-recordist (uncredited) Mac Smith apprentice sound designer (uncredited) John Soukup sound transfer (uncredited) Doug Winningham assistant sound effects editor (uncredited) Special Effects by David Amborn special effects foreman Larz Anderson special effects Steve Austin special effects Kirk Barton special effects (as Kirk M. Barton) Robert M. Bell special effects (as Robert Bell) Steve Bunyea- special effects set coordinator Kenneth C. Clark special effects set standby (as Ken Clark) Walt Conti animatronic effects: Edge Innovations Jack Davis special effects Bruce Allan Donnellan special effects (as Bruce Donnellan) Ken Ebert special effects John Frazier special effects supervisor Tommy Frazier special effects Alec Gillis animatronic effects: Amalgamated Dynamics Inc. Chuck Hessey special effects (as Charles Hessey) Jeff Jarvis special effects David Kirk special effects Joe Klein special effects Brandon K. McLaughlin special effects Martin Montoya special effects technician Jane E. Pepiot special effects office coordinator Jeff Pepiot special effects Ken Pepiot special effects supervisor (as Kenneth D. Pepiot) Justin Raleigh- lab technician: Amalgamated Dynamics Inc. Gintar Repecka special effects James G. Thomas special effects technician Bryan Wohlers special effects technician Tom Woodruff Jr. animatronic effects: Amalgamated Dynamics Inc. Taylor Ball special effects assistant (uncredited) David Beneke special effects crew (uncredited) Ty Boyce animatronic designer (uncredited) Evan Campbell sculptor (uncredited) Russ Herpich- mold maker: Amalgamated Dynamics Inc. (uncredited) Ken Mieding- special effects technician (uncredited) Steve Newburn mold department/technician: Amalgamated Dynamics, Inc. (uncredited) Steve Wolf special effects technician (uncredited) Visual Effects by Amit Agrawal- software development department manager: SPI Richard Alonso computer graphics (as Rick Alonso) Maura Alvarez rotoscope lead artist: SPI (as Maura N. Alvarez) Christopher Arreola- lead scanning technician: SPI Nick Bali system engineer: SPI Brian Battles high speed compositing artist: SPI John Berri visual effects avid editor: SPI Steven Blakey visual effects technical director: SPI (as Steve Blakey) David Bleich matte painter: SPI Christian Boudman high speed compositing artist: SPI Virginia Bowman bonsai compositor: SPI David Burton- CG supervisor: SPI Bonjin Byun bonsai compositor: SPI Timothy Michael Cairns visual effects production assistant: SPI Rusty Case senior systems architect Clint Colver bonsai compositor: SPI Doug Creel visual effects technical director: SPI Lisa Deaner high speed compositing artist: SPI Debbie Denise visual effects executive producer: SPI Tony Diep high speed compositing artist: SPI Jeff Dillinger lead technical assistant: SPI Colin Drobnis bonsai compositor: SPI Sheena Duggal creative head of HSC: SPI R. Stirling Duguid visual effects technical director: SPI Curtis Edwards visual effects technical director: SPI (as Curtis NZ Edwards) Thomas F. Ford IV HSC production manager: SPI Crys Forsyth-Smith visual effects producer: SPI Kevin Freeman technical assistant Layne Friedman computer graphics supervisor: SPI Amy Garback- additional visual effects: Travelling Pictures Jennifer German high speed compositing artist: SPI Bart Giovanetti computer graphics supervisor: SPI (as Bart Giovannetti) Dawn Guinta head of high speed compositing: SPI Harry Gundersen visual effects technical director: SPI Brian Hall software engineer: SPI Lindsay Hallett visual effects digital production manager: SPI (as Lindsay Burnett) Eric Hanson visual effects technical director: SPI Todd Hara technical assistant: SPI Anthony Harris assistant digital color timer Matthew Hausman visual effects technical director: SPI (as Matt Hausman) Michael Hemschoot bonsai compositor: SPI (as Michael Ffish Hemschoot) Garman Herigstad visual effects technical director: SPI Jep Hill bonsai compositor: SPI Stephen Jennings production services technician Manson Jones software engineer: SPI Jennifer Juen- visual effects digital coordinator: SPI Joanie Karnowski match move artist: SPI Dan Kaufman- visual effects technical director: SPI Olin Kimberly video engineer: SPI Simon Knights computer graphics Raji Kodja visual effects technical director: SPI Zsolt Krajcsik- visual effects technical director: SPI Daniel La Chapelle visual effects technical director: SPI Lea Lambert rotoscope artist: SPI David C. Lawson visual effects technical director: SPI Robert Legato visual effects consultant C. J. LePage technical assistant Didier Levy digital artist Lauren A. Littleton visual effects production manager: SPI (as Lauren Ann Littleton) Tim Llewellyn bonsai compositor: SPI Mark Alan Loso high speed compositing artist: SPI Tom Lynnes visual effects technical director: SPI Skye Lyons visual effects digital coordinator: SPI Sam J. Marrocco additional visual effects: Travelling Pictures (as Sam Marrocco) LaNelle Mason rotoscope artist: SPI John McGee texture painter: SPI Garrick McLaughlin technical assistant: SPI Robb Miller visual effects accountant: SPI Dean Miya senior systems engineer: SPI Bruce Navsky software engineer: SPI John Nicolard- digital color timer: SPI Rachel Nicoll- match move artist: SPI (as Rachel T. Nicoll) Jeff Olm high speed compositing artist: SPI Ethan Ormsby bonsai compositor: SPI (as Ethan A. Ormsby) Bob Peitzman bonsai compositor: SPI Loree Perrett- rotoscope artist: SPI Todd Pilger visual effects technical director: SPI Derrick Quarles lead film recordist: SPI Ken Ralston visual effects supervisor Sam Richards- visual effects technical director: SPI Allen Ruilova- visual effects technical director: SPI Rosendo Salazar technical assistant: SPI David Schaub- whale animator: SPI Eric Scott visual effects digital coordinator: SPI Steve Sexton computer systems Min-Zhi Shao- software engineer: SPI Rick Shick high speed compositing artist: SPI John R. Shourt rotoscope artist: SPI (as John Shourt) Aaron Smith bonsai compositor: SPI Jeff W. Smith lead match move artist: SPI Dee Storm negative line-up: SPI Robert Stromberg additional paintings: SPI Kendrick Sutherland technical assistant: SPI David Takayama high speed compositing artist: SPI (as Dave Takayama) Cari Thomas visual effects producer Joseph Thomas lead match move artist: SPI Donna Tracy- texture painter: SPI Michael Trujillo senior video/hardware engineer: SPI James Valentine rotoscope artist: SPI Ron Vargas senior visual effects video editor: SPI Alberto Velez- systems engineering department manager: SPI Marco Vidaurre technical assistant: SPI Carey Villegas co-visual effects supervisor: SPI (as Carey Grant Villegas) Alex Whang matchmover/modeler: SPI Guy Wiedmann visual effects editor (as Guy T. Wiedmann) Jeff Willette visual effects technical director: SPI John Willette- additional visual effects: Travelling Pictures Chris Winters additional visual effects: Travelling Pictures Jonathan Wood visual effects technical director: SPI Doug Yoshida visual effects technical director: SPI (as Douglas Yoshida) Tony Alexander digital artist: Radium (uncredited) Dean Andolsek gaffer: visual effects photography (uncredited) Bill Houston Ball matchmove artist (uncredited) Rob Bredow water development: RD (uncredited) Sean Callan technical assistant (uncredited) Danielle Conroy senior manager of digital production (uncredited) Thomas R. Dickens senior modeler: SPI (uncredited) Robert Duncan digital visual effects supervisor: CFC (uncredited) Fish Essenfeld compositing and 2D supervisor: Metrolight Studios (uncredited) Dan Feinstein rotoscope artist (uncredited) John Follmer- head of production: MetroLight Studios (uncredited) Steve Fong visual effects artist (uncredited) Darrel Griffin- digital lab: CFC (uncredited) Taigne Hammock resource administrator (uncredited) Ralph Horan visual effects producer (uncredited) Drew Jones visual effects producer: CFC (uncredited) Michael Kabella lead software engineer (uncredited) Richard Kidd- digital effects supervisor (uncredited) Stephen Kowalski senior systems engineer (uncredited) James W. Kristoff executive in charge of production: MetroLight Studios (uncredited) Roz Lowrie visual effects editorial: CFC (uncredited) Heather MacPhee digital artist: Metrolight Studios (uncredited) Gilligan Markham software engineer: SPI (uncredited) Kevin May digital artist (uncredited) Mark Nelmes- digital compositing artist: CFC (uncredited) Alex Payman- digital compositing artist: CFC (uncredited) John H. Radulovic visual effects producer (uncredited) Richard Sandoval technical assistant: SPI (uncredited) Dobbie Schiff- visual effects executive producer: MetroLight Studios (uncredited) Dominic Sidoli visual effects coordinator: CFC (uncredited) Andrew Titcomb pre-visualization (uncredited) Gavin Toomey digital compositing artist: CFC (uncredited) Audrea Topps Harjo- digital producer: SPI (uncredited) Alex Tropiec Jr. Flame artist: Radium (uncredited) Barry Weiss senior staff: SPI (uncredited) Kathleen Woolery digital color timer (uncredited) Patrick Zentis digital compositor: Digital Backlot (uncredited) Credits: Filming Locations: Philippines Farm to Market Roads 48 and 1268, Mobeetie, Texas, USA (crossroads) Memphis, Tennessee, USA Monuriki, Fiji Brownstone Street, Backlot, Universal Studios 100 Universal City Plaza, Universal City, California, USA Canadian, Texas, USA Los Angeles, California, USA Malibu, California, USA Moscow, Russia Production Companies Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation (presents) (as Twentieth Century Fox) DreamWorks SKG (presents) (as Dreamworks Pictures) ImageMovers (as Imagemovers) Playtone Special Effects Amalgamated Dynamics (animatronic effects) Composite Image Systems (CIS) (additional visual effects) Computer Film Company, The (CFC) (additional visual effects) Edge Innovations (animatronic effects) MetroLight Studios Reel FX Creative Studios (as Radium) Sony Pictures Imageworks (SPI) (special visual effects) Travelling Pictures (additional visual effects) Vanishing Point Entertainment (additional visual effects photography) Distributors Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation (2000) (USA) (theatrical) DreamWorks Distribution (2001) (Non-US) (theatrical) (through UIP) United International Pictures (UIP) (2001) (Non-US) (theatrical) American Broadcasting Company (ABC) (2004) (USA) (TV) (broadcast premiere) CJ Entertainment (2001) (South Korea) (theatrical) Filmes Lusomundo (2001) (Portugal) (theatrical) Karantanija Film (2001) (Slovenia) (theatrical) United International Pictures (UIP) (2001) (Argentina) (theatrical) United International Pictures (UIP) (2001) (Switzerland) (theatrical) United International Pictures (UIP) (2001) (Germany) (theatrical) United International Pictures (UIP) (2001) (Spain) (theatrical) United International Pictures (UIP) (2001) (Japan) (theatrical) (Far East) United International Pictures (UIP) (2001) (Netherlands) (theatrical) United International Pictures (UIP) (2001) (Sweden) (theatrical) Argentina Video Home (2001) (Argentina) (DVD) Argentina Video Home (2001) (Argentina) (VHS) Net5 (2003) (Netherlands) (TV) (first national airing) Premer Video Film (Russia) (VHS) Universal Home Video (Brazil) (DVD) Universal Home Video (Brazil) (VHS) Universal Pictures Benelux (2001) (Netherlands) (VHS) Universal Pictures Nordic (2001) (Sweden) (DVD) Universal Pictures Nordic (2004) (Sweden) (DVD) Other Companies Executive Assurance (security) American Humane Association, The (animals monitored by) Arrington Ranch (thanks) BT Industrial Supply (expendables) Behind the Scenes Freight (shipping by) Bender ET (GFCI shock protection provided by) Chapman/Leonard Studio Equipment (camera cranes) Chapman/Leonard Studio Equipment (dollies) City of Memphis (thanks) DeLuxe Laboratories (color and prints) Direct Tools Fasteners (expendables) Discreet (thanks) Dolby Laboratories (sound post-production) FedEx (trademark used by permission) Fiji Visitors Bureau (thanks) Film Art (artwork) For Stars Catering (catering) Jo Anne Kane Music Services (copyist) L. A. Mad Dogs (loop group) Lifeguard Safety (marine safety: Fiji) Lightnin Production Rentals (transportation equipment) Matagali of Mosesi Namomo of the Village of Yanuya (thanks) Memphis Shelby County Film Television Commission (thanks) Native Land Trust Board of Fiji (thanks) On Tour Productions (special thanks) Pacific Title (opticals) Panavision (cameras and lenses) Paramount Transportation Services (transportation services) Playback Technologies (video and computer graphics) Post Logic Studios (digital film mastering) Rockbottom Rentals (cell phone rentals) Rockbottom Rentals (nextel cell phone rentals) Skywalker Sound (post-production sound services) Texas Department of Transportation (thanks) Texas Film Commission (thanks) Texas, State of (thanks) The Film Unit, Wellington (thanks) WMC-TV (thanks) Xtreme Forwarding (thanks) Awards and Nominations 15 wins and 23 nominations Academy Awards, USA 2001 Oscar – Nominated Best Actor in a Leading Role Tom Hanks Best Sound Randy Thom, Tom Johnson, Dennis S. Sands ,William B. Kaplan Golden Globes, USA 2001 Won Best Performance by an Actor in a Motion Picture – Drama Tom Hanks BAFTA Awards 2001 – Nominated Best Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role Tom Hanks Screen Actors Guild Awards 2001 Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role Tom Hanks ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards 2001 Won ASCAP Award Top Box Office Films Alan Silvestri American Cinema Editors, USA 2001 Nominated Best Edited Feature Film – Dramatic Arthur Schmidt Angel Awards 2001 Nominated Silver Angel Feature Film Blockbuster Entertainment Awards 2001 Won Blockbuster Entertainment Award Favorite Supporting Actress – Drama Helen Hunt Blockbuster Entertainment Award 2001 Nominated Favorite Actor Drama Tom Hanks Bogey Awards, Germany 2001 Won Boston Society of Film Critics Awards 2000 3rd place BSFC Award Best Actor Tom Hanks Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards 2001 Won Critics Choice Award Best Inanimate Object Wilson the Volleyball Nominated Critics Choice Award Best Picture Chicago Film Critics Association Awards 2001 Won CFCA Award Best Actor Tom Hanks Nominated CFCA Award Best Director Robert Zemeckis Best Cinematography Don Burgess Christopher Awards 2001 Won Feature Films Robert Zemeckis (Director), Dreamworks Cinema Audio Society, USA 2001 Nominated C. A. S. Award Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for a Feature Film Randy Thom (re-recording mixer) Tom Johnson (re-recording mixer) Dennis S. Sands (re-recording mixer) William B. Kaplan (production mixer) Dallas-Fort Worth Film Critics Association Awards 2001 3rd place DFWFCA Award Best Actor Tom Hanks Golden Screen, Germany 2001 Won Golden Screen Golden Trailer Awards 2001 Nominated Golden Trailer Best Drama Hollywood Makeup Artist and Hair Stylist Guild Awards 2001 Won Best Contemporary Makeup Feature Daniel C. Striepeke Deborah La Mia Denaver Bill Myer Las Vegas Film Critics Society Awards 2000 Nominated Sierra Award Best Actor Tom Hanks Best Director Robert Zemeckis Best Cinematography Don Burgess Best Visual Effects John Frazier, Ken Ralston MTV Movie Awards 2001 Nominated Best Male Performance Tom Hanks Best Kiss Tom Hanks Helen Hunt Best Action Sequence For the plane crash. Best On-Screen Team Tom Hanks and Wilson the Volleyball Motion Picture Sound Editors, USA 2001 Nominated Golden Reel Award Best Sound Editing Sound Effects

This Is It Essay Example

This Is It Essay Philippine Literature The Spanish Period (1565-1898) A. SPANISH INFLUENCES ON PHILIPPINE LITERATURE 1. Roman alphabet. 2. The Christian Doctrine 3. The Spanish language 4. European legends and traditions 5. Ancient literature was collected and translated to Tagalog and other dialects. 6. Many grammar books were printed in Filipino, like Tagalog, Ilocano and Visayan 7. Our periodicals during these times gained a religious tone. B. THE FIRST BOOKS 1. Ang Doctrina Cristiana (The Christian Doctrine). This was the first book printed in the Philippines in 1593 in xylography. It was written by Fr. Juan de Placencia and Fr. Domingo Nieva, in Tagalog and Spanish. 2. Nuestra Senora del Rosario written by Fr. Blancas de San Jose in 1602, it contains the biographies of saints, novenas, and questions and answers on religion. 3. Libro de los Cuatro Postprimeras de Hombre (in Spanish and Tagalog). This is the first book printed in typography. 4. Ang Barlaan at Josephat. This is a Biblical story printed in the Philippines and translated to Tagalog. 5. The Pasion. This is the book about the life and sufferings of Jesus Christ. It is read only during Lent. 6. Urbana at Felisa. A book by Modesto de Castro. These are letters between two sisters Urbana at Felisa and have influenced greatly the behavior of people in society because the letters dealt with good behavior. 7. Ang Mga Dalit kay Maria (Psalms for Mary). A collection of songs praising the Virgin Mary. It was popular especially during the Maytime â€Å"Flores de Mayo† festival. C. LITERARY COMPOSITIONS 1. Arte y Reglas de la Lengua Tagala (Art and rules of the Tagalog language). 2. Compendio de la Lengua Tagala (Understanding the Tagalog language). 3. Vocabulario de la Lengua Tagala (Tagalog vocabulary 4. We will write a custom essay sample on This Is It specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on This Is It specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on This Is It specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Vocabulario de la Lengua Pampanga (Pampanga vocabulary)   5. Vocabulario de la Lengua Bisaya (Bisayan vocabulary) 6. Arte de la Lengua Ilokana (The Art of the Ilocano language)   7. Arte de la Lengua Bicolana (The Art of the Bicol language) D. FOLK SONGS – Folk songs became widespread in the Philippines. E. RECEREATIONAL PLAYS 1. Tibag – the word tibag means to excavate. This ritual was brought here by the Spaniard to remind the people about the search of St. Helena for the Cross on which Jesus died. 2. Lagaylay – this is a special occasion for the Pilarenos of Sorsogon during Maytime to get together. 3. Cenaculo – this is a dramatic performance to commemorate the passion and death of Jesus Christ. There are two kinds: *Cantada Chanted like passion. *Hablada lines are spoken in a more deliberate manner showing the rhythmic measure of each verse and the rhyming in each stanza and is more dignified in theme. 4. Panunuluyan – this is presented before 12:00 on Christmas Eve. This is a presentation of the search of the Virgin Mary and St. Joseph for an inn wherein to deliver the baby Jesus. 5. Salubong (or Panubong) The Salubong is an Easter play that dramatizes the meeting of the Risen Christ and his Mother. . Carillo (Shadow Play) – this is a form of dramatic entertainment performed on a moonless night during a town fiesta or on dark nights after a harvest. 7. Zarzuela is a musical comedy or melodrama three acts which dealt with man’s passions and emotions like love, hate, revenge, cruelty, avarice or some social or political proble. 8. Sainete – T hey were exaggerated comedies shown between acts of long plays and were mostly performed by characters from the lower classes. Themes were taken from everyday life scenarios. F. THE MORO-MORO – It is presented also on a special stage. This is performed during town fiestas to entertain the people and to remind them of their Christian religion. G. KARAGATAN – This is a poetic vehicle of a socio-religious nature celebrated during the death of a person H. DUPLO The Duplo replace the Karagatan. This is a poetic joust in speaking and reasoning. The roles are taken from the Bible and from proverbs and saying. It is usually played during wakes for the dead. I. THE BALAGTASAN This is a poetic joust or a contest of skills in debate on a particular topic or issue. This is replaced the DUPLO and is held to honor Francisco â€Å"Balagtas† Baltazar. J. THE DUNG-AW This is a chant in free verse by a bereaved person or his representative beside the corpse of the dead. No definite meter or rhyming scheme is used. The person chanting it freely recites in poetic rhythm according to his feelings, emotions and thoughts K. THE AWIT and the CORRIDO Some use these two interchangeably because distinction is not clear. The Period of Enlightenment (1872-1898) A. THE PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT (1872-1896) DR. JOSE P. RIZAL His books and writings: 1. Noli Me Tangere exposed the evils in society. 2. El Filibusterismo exposed those in the government and in the church. 3. Mi Ultimo Adios (My Last Farewell). This was a poem by Rizal while he was incarcerated at Fort Santiago. MARCELO H. DEL PILAR Writings: 1. Dasalan At Tocsohan (Prayers and Jokes) 2. Sagot Sa Espanya Sa Hibik Ng Pilipinas (Answer to Spain on the Plea of the Filipinos) 3. Dupluhan†¦dalit†¦mga Bugtong GRACIANO LOPEZ JAENA Writings: 1. Ang Fray Botod (Friar Botod). He exposed how some of the friars were greedy, ambitious and immoral. B. THE ACTIVE REVOLUTION ANDRES BONIFACIO Writings: 1. Ang Dapat Mabatid Ng Mga Tagalog (What the Tagalogs Should Know). 2. Katungkulang Gagawin Ng Mga Anak Ng Bayan (Obligations of Our Countrymen). 3. Huling Paalam (Last Farewell). EMILIO JACINTO Writings : 1. Kartilya Ng Katipunan (A primer book on the Katipunan) 2. Liwanag At Dilim (Light and Darkness). A collection of essays on different subjects like freedom, work, faith, government, love of country. EMILIO AGUINALDO 1. El Verdadero Decalogo (The True Decalogue or Ten Commandments). This was his masterpiece and his aim here was to propagate the spirit of nationalism. NEWSPAPERS DURING THE REVOLUTION 1. HERALDO DE LA REVOLUCION. 2. LA INDEPENDENCIA (Independence). 3. LA REPUBLICA PILIPINA (The Philippine Republic). 4. LA LIBERTAD (Liberty). Reported By: Jan Louie Camma Cabrera ( Marie Liza Faller Huerto ( GB!!!

10 Argumentative Essay Topics on Confucianism

10 Argumentative Essay Topics on Confucianism If you are writing an argumentative paper on Confucianism then you must ensure that each argument or claim you make is supported with evidence. This is best done by having facts, anecdotes, or statistics to help you. Of course, given the complexity of the topic, in most cases have evidence in the form of stories or anecdotes from the teachings of the master or history books about him and Confucianism are sufficient. That being said, below is a list of intriguing facts on Confucianism that you can use for your next writing: Confucianism is a philosophy that was birthed in China. This philosophy focuses on improving and perfecting humanity through teaching, as well as the cultivation of virtue and moral perfection. Judaism is the parent religion of Christianity and is the official faith of the Jewish people. Judaism can be traced back more than 3,000 years and is one of the oldest monotheistic religions in the world. Like Islam, Judaism touches on every aspect of a person’s life, depending on their type of Judaism- reformed, orthodox, or conservative. Confucianism has ancient roots to China, but has been shared across Vietnam, Japan, and Korea who were each heavily influenced by Chinese culture. The ideology was used by many empires to legitimize their rule throughout areas of Eastern Asia. Of course, the term is also one applied to the notion of respect for elders or to the practice of worshipping ancestors. Those who study the ancient tests for Confucianism are called â€Å"ru†. The master of Confucianism was Confucius himself, whose name was actually Kong. Kong had many conversations with his disciples and added some sayings through conversations which were brought together to help support guidance for the followers of Confucianism. The text that combines the sayings from Kong portray him as a mentor as well as a patron for those younger males who wanted to serve the government. These men were typically located in the state of Lu, from between 510 and 479 B.C. It is said that the questions these young males had and the answers they received were what drove the concept of the learning in Confucianism. In fact, it was the master himself who stated that he simply loved learning and that he transmitted wisdom to others from the past. He also stated that he learned from his students in a continuous learning process. This learning process was considered spiritual, practical, and intellectual. Within the idea of Confucianism, learning is an essential step toward knowing. And once you know, you can do. And once you can do, you can enjoy spiritual fulfillment, something which is actually the essence of learning. This is what created the continuous process of learning, something which was meant to be an alternative to the corruption of power and wealth. The disciples of Confucius, after his death, attempted to maintain his learning standards. The concepts of Confucianism supported the North China Plains warriors. It was stated that the world of the spirits and the world of men are two different worlds, but mutual intervention and communication between the two worlds was possible through oracles or shamans. Warriors of this time had to use sacrificial rites known as li in order to mollify the spirits and to prevent them from interfering the affairs of the men. Prior to Confucius, astrology was used as an indication of the movement for the spirits. The ideas and knowledge transmitted by Confucius were written in Zhou texts. The ideas of Confucianism remained in Lu until Mencius during 371 to 289 B.C. A change to the ruling class took place when the different states were at war with one another, and with the borders changing, conscription taking place, and direct taxation being implemented, scholars were invited from around the known areas of the world to help develop the states. During this time of discourse is when Mencius received the teachings of the early Confucianism rituals and duties. It was during this warning time period that the way between heaven and earth were discussed. In fact, it was Mencius who stated that one level of heaven was for kings and rulers while the other was for gentlemen. In 221, the Qin conquest was complete and another political shift took place under the Han imperial rule. The title of emperor came of use and the ruler was now seen as an explainer of the cosmos and the yin and yang. It was claimed that each area of the cosmos resonated with the changes that took place in the others. Small climate, production, or administrative policies related to bigger processes. The texts of Confucianism were studied during this time in order to improve the current understanding of the heaven, the earth, and human scientists. It was Dong Zhongshu who has given credit for reviving the Confucianism texts at this time. This period is now referred to as â€Å"Han Confucianism†. Five Classics were crafted based on interpretations of Confucianism. These five classics were called the â€Å"new texts† and they replaced the â€Å"old texts† of Confucianism. This version of Confucianism spread from China to Korea and Japan. This model resonated well with many families in both areas but division did not take place among the imperial states until the 11th century during which time the Western scholars see socio-intellectual trends arise among the East Asian followers, something that led to the development of Neo-Confucianism. Nativists preferred the moral learning that was taught in Confucianism and the creation of woodblock printing allowed for larger private academies to develop around other beliefs such as Buddhism and Daoism. It was Zhu Xi who is credited with bringing together the trends of the time period in his writings. He focused on the new movement of cosmology and Confucianism. He also explored the shift toward the investigation of all things, or the great learning that everyone used to garner self-cultivation as well as world peace. It was in 1868 that the Japanese leaders put into effect a national state religion and demanded loyalty of the Chinese and Korean subjects in terms of Confucianism. Moderates tried to combine current social order and education with Confucianism for the Qing Empire. These facts will be your life buoy during writing your assignment. But that’s not all we can propose: look through sample topics on Confucianism and a writing guide on an argumentative essay; they will be great assistants for your paper writing. References: Cline, Erin M. Justice And Confucianism.  Philosophy Compass  9.3 (2014): 165-175. Web. Confucius., et al.  The Wisdom Of Confucius. New York: Modern Library, 1994. Print. Foust, Mathew A. Confucianism And American Pragmatism.  Philosophy Compass  10.6 (2015): 369-378. Web. Goldin, Paul Rakita.  Confucianism. Durham: Acumen, 2011. Print. Hoobler, Thomas, and Dorothy Hoobler.  Confucianism. New York: Facts on File, 1993. Print. Tan, Sor-hoon. Democracy In Confucianism.  Philosophy Compass  7.5 (2012): 293-303. Web. í™ ©Ã¬â€ž ±Ãª ·Å",. The Review Of Integration Possibility About Confucious And Mozis Feature Of Justice And Benefit.  journalofmoralethicseducation  null.33 (2011): 183-204. Web.

Informative Speech Outline Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Informative Speech Outline - Essay Example Therefore, how many of you belong to a fraternity or a sorority for that matter? Do any of you know the background information of any sorority you have ever heard of or belonged? I’m going to provide you with the background history of the Delta Sigma Theta Sorority Incorporated as well as the accomplishments attained by the organization. B. Tie to the audience: By show of hands, how many of you have ever heard or belonged to a sorority or a fraternity? Today I’m going to talk about the Delta Sigma Theta Sorority Inc. From your show of hands I have noticed that most of you either belong or have heard of sororities and fraternities. C. My credentials: I and my siblings belonged to sororities along with fraternities while we were in college. I want to inform everyone who is here that there is a lot interesting stuff regarding sororities and fraternities. The history of almost every sorority is very captivating. D. Main topic/Thesis statement: Unfortunately, there is no way we can make it back there since we are all out of college. That is the reason it is crucial to know the history and purpose of Delta Sigma Theta Sorority Incorporated. 5. Evidence: A sorority is a group of people usually women that is formed by a sisterhood of common aspirations and goals making a commitment to each other for life. The members that usually form the sorority share their knowledge, friendship and efforts (Torbenson & Parks, 2012). Delta Sigma Theta was established in 1913 by a group of 22 women at Howard University. The women were dedicated to service especially targeting the African-American community. 9. Evidence: As cited by Giddings (2009), Delta Sigma Theta Sorority Inc. is the largest Greek-lettered African-American organization. It is also open to any woman who qualifies for the membership requirements. 10. Analysis: The sisterhood has more than 300,000 initiated members who are majorly black. It has a global presence in countries such as, Japan,

Exam 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Exam 2 - Assignment Example The Q1 here is 90%, followed by territory 1 and 8. Strategies for selling in new markets Here the real challenge would be to maintain projected business decisions to percolate in territory 5; equally spaced with 25% across four quarters. These territories need more marketing and publicity. Staffing requirements: Aim of the Sales Force: Aggressive selling/orders for market penetration especially in the Q1 and concentrate more on demographic locations of A. Since the sales departments across industries work under extreme pressure to deliver their targets, we are also going to follow the same structure. The basic idea here is to formulate a task force of a small team capable of undertaking substantial work and deliver goods as targeted and their goals are more aligned with the organizational goals. Further after a year, depending upon the nature of the business the team may be expanded on need basis. The staffing requirements are a combination for existing as well as new markets. The en tire sales team will be headed by the general sales manager [GSM], reporting to the CMO. Further the team would comprise of fields sales manager, the accounts group and the admin staff. Four telemarketers are to be hired since the company expects high returns in mostly all sectors. Offcourse downsizing would be looked at based on the need of the hour. All the staff will be trained hands on before putting them on field operations. Here the motivation for employees should be handsome incentives quarterly, based on achieving targets. For the first year the team should be paid incentives at 5 – 10 % of their base pay. This will be steered up the following financial year. Unique Selling Proposition (USP) for Sales: Consumer loyalty is based on the use of our machines for the first time and coming back to use the same machine over a period. This needs to be combined with the value proposition of the product and the best in class machine longevity [7 – 10 years] against compe titors having say 4 – 5 years. This is one of the keys to build loyal consumer base. Basic design for Effective Sales: The sales task force should â€Å"think consumer to be big†. The sales strategies should be consumer centric, i.e. more focused on delivering goods to the buyers. All these concepts are designed to achieve targets â€Å"first time right†. This also ensures customer satisfaction. The key points that the sales team should look into is delivering targets for the company and machines to the consumer. These commitments should help the sales team to achieve organizational goals for the financial year 2012 -2013. Sales focus should be on more mature territories like 10, 8 and 1. Here the scope of ROI is high and the market share for capture is also high. In this sector it is very logical to sell only premium models of routers for the first year. It is also apparent that due to the presence of fewer companies in sector ‘A’ as compared †˜B’ and ‘C’, the net profits would also be high since our premium routers would compensate for the volumes required. Hence, the need to maintain the customer base here is critical. The accounts team will have to play a major role here in retention of clientele. They will also have to coordinate with the telemarketers to get the job done. And here the sales rigor has to be maintained over a substantial period of 8 months for ‘A’. Once the Q1 targets are achieved then the team can also

Culture Intervention in the School Essay Example for Free

Culture Intervention in the School Essay In (PLEASE PUT THE NAME OF YOUR SCHOOL HERE), students coming from different races and ethnicities are accepted. Thus, this creates a student body which is culturally diverse and different in terms of the beliefs, values, languages, and other aspects related to culture. People coming from different cultures are not expected to have a harmonious relationship right away especially with regard to their young age. However, there may be some forms of intervention that can reduce the friction, tension, and conflict due to cultural differences. Before delving into the details of intervention for culture, it is necessary to define culture to be able to target the right elements. Culture is defined â€Å"in anthropology, the patterns of behavior and thinking that people living in social groups learn, create, and share† (Bodley, 2005). This is comprised of the â€Å"beliefs, rules of behavior, language, rituals, art, technology, style of dress, ways of producing and cooking food, religion, and political and economic systems† (Bodley, 2005). Thus, the term culture encompasses a wide range of factors that paves the way for more differences among the students. There are several intervention measures that can be put into application in the school. First, it is important that there is an atmosphere in existent in the school that clearly sets a zero tolerance for bullying and by-standing within the premises of the school. Bullying and by-standing are common consequences of variations in culture. More often than not, the students belonging to the majority culture teases the students who are members of the cultural minority groups. This could lead to bullying and constant fear and inferiority for those who become the victims of the bullies and by-standers. With the foregoing statement, the school administration, in cooperation with the parents, should be able to make a concerted effort to make and agree on policies that will lead to harmonious relationships between the culturally-varied students. Corresponding sanctions should be placed upon the violations and their degrees should be identified. Moreover, rewards for those students who help in creating a stable environment and who makes a way to accept cultural differences in the school should be given a rewards in terms of academic and recognition factors. This is a long and tedious process and there are a lot of factors and minute details to be considered in making the policies. Also, through the cooperation of the parents, there will be reinforcement measures even when the children go back to their homes. It will not simply be a school responsibility for them but hopefully, will become a way of life and a part of their values. Second, there is a need for adult mentors to become visible to the students. However, they should not see these adult mentors as someone who would always pinpoint their mistakes and become an authoritative figure that will constrict their movements. Rather, these adult mentors should be perceived as persons who will be a help within their reach for any problem they have. Adult mentors will be based on a schedule formulated for each break period to patrol on places where the children mostly are and in places that become a favorable place for bullying. The procedures for this should be discusses together with the first culture intervention. Lastly, the students should also be involved in the efforts to have an environment which accepts cultural differences. This can be done by having one class period devoted to an open discussion regarding the different cultures of students and to highlight the exciting and new information about each culture. This way, the students will become aware that it is not only their culture that is in existent but there are a lot of colorful things to look forward to in the treasure box of another student’s culture. Also, the homeroom adviser or teacher could serve as a facilitator for discussion that will dwell on the different problems of culture they have in the school right now. The children are expected to understand this with a proper explanation from the facilitator. The facilitators of the group discussions will have to undergo training for this subject. References Bodley, J. H. 2005. Culture. Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2006 [CD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation.

United States Army’s Organizational Structure and Culture Essay

The purpose of this paper is to provide a brief analysis of the United States Army’s organizational structure and its culture and how these two elements impact its workers, associates and affiliates. This paper will first examine the Army’s history, development and structure to highlight the origins of the Army’s culture. Secondly, a brief history of the Army’s organizational development will be followed by a close examination of its philosophy and supporting beliefs. Lastly, this paper will discuss the role of the Army’s leadership, their response to critical issues and the organizational structure of the Army. An analysis of the army’s top leaders will help the reader to understand the Army culture more thoroughly in the context of the Army’s organizational structure. More specifically this section of the paper will examine the Army leadership’s response to the current geo-political environment and other related issues. In con clusion, this paper hopes to highlight the Army’s overall functioning from an organizational standpoint and emphasize that idea that the Army is like a functional corporation. This will be accomplished by addressing various key questions throughout this text. The U.S. Army Organizational Development Army History and development The Army’s history includes many unique global events such as World War I and II, the Vietnam War, the Korean conflict and most recently operations Desert Storm and Iraqi Freedom. An in depth study of these historical events is beyond the scope of this paper however, the origin of the Army is relevant in discussing the Army’s overall culture. According to David W. Hogan’s historical text Centuries of Service cited on the United States Army’s website the United States Army was born on 14 June 1775 (Hogan, 2004). Members of the early Army forces were largely volunteers drawn from local militias. In light of conflict with the British Army the Second Continental Congress recognized that a regular military force was necessary if the colonials were to have any hope of standing up to the British Army. On 14 June, Congress adopted the New England army besieging Boston as an American army and authorized the recruitment of soldiers from various colonial states to form the Continental Army. This emerging Continental Army provided the permanent nucleus of a force that would be supplemented by local militia units. ... ...er 11, 2009, from the Center of Military History website http://www.army.mil/cmh/reference/CSAList/list2.htm Hogan, D. (2004). Centuries of Service. Retrieved September 11, 2009, from the Center of Military History website http://www.army.mil/cmh/reference/CSAList/list1.htm http://www.train.army.mil). http://www.goarmy.com/about/ranks_insignia_officer.jsp http://www.goarmy.com/about/enlisted_soldiers_officers.jsp Kazin, M.. (2004, June 28).. U.S. News & World Report, 136 (23), p72. Retrieved September 11, 2009, from Academic Search Premier database. Lodi, S. (1998, November 26). Reflections on Army Culture. Retrieved September 11, 2009, Â  from http://defencejournal.com/jan99/reflection.htm Rumsfeld, D. (2004, September 10). Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld speaks about Iraq at the National Press Club in Washington. Retrieved September 11, 2009, from http://usinfo.state.gov/is/ Schrader. E. (2003, June 28). US push for global police force. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 11, 2009, from http://www.wsu.edu:8001/vcwsu/commons/topics/culture/culture-definitions/geertz-text.html http://www.prisonplanet.com/us_push_for_global_peace_force.html

Bang and Olufsen: Design Driven Innovation Essay

The key concern identified in this particular case is that Bang & Olufsen are lacking a strong sense of management. Designers seem to be the forefront of business innovation and innovation management needs to be altered. The article identifies that the designers are making major decisions in terms of product development, and although this may seem effective, management should have an influence on the entire company in order to make informed decisions in relation to the business’ innovation strategy. Bang & Olufsen follow a more semi-radical innovation approach, this is clear in the fact that the business has not changed the existing business model for some time, and more focus is towards technological advances. This is ineffective as for design driven innovation it is important to adopt an entirely radical innovation strategy. While B&O consider the design driven strategy as the best take for the future, the problem it causes is that they are unintentionally opening up the fut ure of the business into the designers hands. Thus, Bang & Olufsen requires a radical change of the business model in order to effectively conform to a radical innovation strategy. The company needs to realise that change is necessary and aim to be more involved in the decision making process. B&O need to use the designers as a guide for product development, and be more concerned with executing its innovation strategies and using the company image as a representative to users of their products. An effective way of ensuring this is possible is through thorough examination of the internal and external environment, and a structured innovation plan. Post work: This article, along with the discussion in the lecture has provided me with insight into issues involved in the case and marketing in general. There were several issues including conflicted vision within the company which led to missed deadlines and inability to effectively cooperate between the designers, engineers and management of B&O. This educated me on business’s requiring a solid vision in order to reach innovative goals and overall business objectives. Not only that, but management needs to be more involved in the innovation process so as to ensure input from people who envision ideas in the virtual world to be considered. Another fact relevant in the article as discussed in the lecture is concerning market research.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"B&O lacked a sufficient amount of market research†, which although good in some way, allowing the company to be more innovative and create new, impressive products, it often led to wasted time developing concepts that had no â€Å"substanc e†. Thus we can see that market research is an extremely important aspect of marketing management in order to be efficient, and to effectively identify consumer wants and needs to develop concepts worth producing. A final important point about marketing I have learnt is that, the designs of both â€Å"Idea Lab† and â€Å"Idea Land† is key as one develops a product and whilst one focuses more at the technological side. A significant point here is that ideas of both â€Å"Idea Lab† and â€Å"Idea Land† would be much simpler to develop if the two were working together. Therefore, companies should attempt to combine both product ideas and technological developments in order to successfully achieve innovative objectives.

Land Registration Act 2002 - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 16 Words: 4714 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Research paper Level High school Topics: Act Essay Did you like this example? The Governmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s proposals for electronic conveyancing provide for a secure and swift system of transferring title TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION Background to the Land Registration Act 20022 Criticisms of Existing Legislation3 The Object of Reform4 IMPLEMENTATION The 2001 Report4 Paper Based Conveyancing Practice5 The Anticipated Model5 Compulsory Use of Electronic Conveyancing6 THE NEW SYSTEM The 2002 Act7 The Scheme of the Act An Overview7 The New System in Practice9 Comparison with Paper Based Conveyancing10 LAND REGISTRY PRACTICE Detailed Implementation of the System11 Electronic Funds Transfer12 CONCLUSION A Conveyancing Revolution?14 Bibliography15 INTRODUCTION Background to the Land Registration Act 2002 It may be argued that the Land Registration Act 2002 represents the most significant development in conveyancing since the reforms of 1925. Its genesis can be traced to the joint Law Commission and Land Registry consultative document Land Registration for the Twenty First Century[1] published in 1998 which set out a framework for the development of conveyancing over the ensuing decades. Abbey and Richards[2] suggest that this was motivated by three growing pressures: the growth in demand for electronic conveyancing, the fact that current legislation was complicated and unclear and the reality that some 80% of all titles were by then registered. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Land Registration Act 2002" essay for you Create order The extent of this registration undoubtedly paved the way for serious consideration of a shift to an electronic system but it is perhaps the growth in use and acceptance of new technology which was the primary driving factor. This document (para.1.2) readily acknowledges the reality of a situation that was already in process of evolution: The whole of England and Wales had been subject to compulsory registration since 1990 with the result that most conveyances of unregistered land now have to be completed by registration; thus the pattern of registration was progressively becoming more comprehensive still; The register is now open and can be searched without the consent of the registered proprietor; The register is already computerised with most titles entered on the system; and, A system of direct access to the computerised register which was introduced in January 1995 enables those who are connected to it to search the register instantly. A trial had already been commenced with a lending institution of a system of electronic requests for the discharge of mortgages. Thus the Joint Working Group concluded: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The probable outcome of these developments will be a system under which registration becomes an essential element for the creation and transfer of estates, rights and interests in land, performing a similar function to the formal requirements that exist under the present law, and which it would replace. The implications of these changes are considerable and underlie much of the thinking in this report.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Criticisms of Existing Legislation If technological change was pulling the need for reform forward into the next century, it was also being driven from behind by perceived deficiencies in the existing legislation. The land registration system had been in existence for some three quarters of a century; the legislation was regarded as badly drafted and unclear with the primary leg islation being supplemented by a plethora of secondary rules making it unclear which elements were to be found where. It was conceded that the system à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“has been made to work very effectively, but this has often been in spite of rather than because of its legislative structureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . The Land Registration Act 1925 was conceived as a mechanism for translating the principles applicable to unregistered land into a registered format with the intention that both sets should be fundamentally the same with the register providing a perfect mirror of title. In reality discrepancies had developed in such areas as the protection of rights of occupiers, the priority of equitable interests and the rights of those claiming adverse possession. It should be observed that whereas the basis of title to unregistered land was the fact of possession, the basis of title to registered land was the fact of registration itself. The perpetuation of this anomaly was considered especially undesirable: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“With more than 80 per cent of the estimated number of titles to land in England and Wales now registered, there seems little point in inhibiting the rational development of the principles of property law by reference to a system which is rapidly disappearing, and in relation to which there is diminishing expertise among the legal profession.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  The Object of Reform Thus three clear objects were established: There was a need to establish a coherent body of law with the principles of land registration clearly articulated in primary legislation. Unlike the existing body of law, secondary legislation should be employed only to provide for the detailed working of those principles; There was a need to conduct such reform with due regard for the existing working of the current law without causing undue disruption or expense while allowing the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"newà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ system to be sufficiently flexible to adapt to the requirements of electronic conveyancing; Regard should also be had to resource implications however desirable the move to an electronic system might be, the cost of doing so had to be realistic. IMPLEMENTATION The 2001 Report The Joint Working Group continued its work building on the foundations of the 1998 consultative document and culminating in the publication in 2001 of Land Registration for the Twenty-First Century A Conveyancing Revolution[3]. This contained a draft Bill and detailed commentary upon its provisions. Perhaps inevitably given the passage of time and further technological advance, this laid still greater emphasis upon the desirability of a shift to a paperless system (para.2.41): à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The move from a paper-based system of conveyancing to one that is entirely electronic is the most important single feature of the Bill.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  It should be observed that by this stage the move to an electronic system had already begun to occur through subtle changes in subordinate legislation. It was possible to identify the Registry of the discharge of a registered charge by electronic means, applications to register dealings in registered l and could be lodged electronically. There was also the growing influence of the National Land Information Service which gave access on-line to a range of information about property such as local authority registers of land charges. Paper Based Conveyancing Practice In order fully to appreciate the scale of the reforms introduced by the 2002 Act it is necessary briefly to consider the operation of the previous system. The transfer of land was typically preceded by the exchange of contracts of sale. The Land Registry would not usually become involved at this stage: it was considered more effective for the buyer to protect his position by making a priority search under the Land Registration (Official Searches) Rules 1993 than by the entry of a notice or caution in the register. Transfers of legal estates were then made by deed with this subsequently being submitted to the Land Registry for registration. This system gives rise to a so-called à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“registration gapà ¢Ã¢â €š ¬Ã‚ . Until registration, the transfer would only operate in equity. When a transfer was thus registered, it was deemed to be effective from the point at which the application for registration was deemed to have been delivered to the Registry. Complications arose where the Land Registry raised requisitions following the making of the application and issues such as cross easements and other ancillary rights required to be resolved. This could have the effect of delaying considerably the registration. The Anticipated Model Therefore, it was considered that the involvement of the Registry in the conveyancing process should begin considerably earlier (para.2.50): à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“In many cases the disposition and, where title is already registered, its simultaneous registration will be the last stage of the conveyancing process. That means that all the conveyancing work must be completed by that date. One of the intended objectives of the new system is to identify errors and discrepancies at the earliest possible stage, and to resolve any difficulties as far as possible before registration.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  At this stage of the consultation process, a number of factors were identified as critical to the success of the new system. First, the system would need to be secure: thus access should be restricted to appropriately licensed practitioners. Compulsory Use of Electronic Conveyancing Further, it was recognised at an early stage that for an electronic system to succeed, it may be necessary to consider introducing it on a compulsory basis in order to achieve comprehensive coverage. Thus it was proposed (para.2.59) that a disposition should only have effect if it was made by means of an electronic document, communicated in electronic form to the Registry and simultaneously registered: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“This is a power that will not be exercised lightly. When solicitors and licensed conveyances enter into network access agreements with the Regist ry, they will be required to conduct electronic conveyancing in accordance with network transaction rules. Those transaction rules are likely to provide that the dispositions and contracts to make dispositions are made in the manner explained [above]. In other words, those rules will ensure that dispositions are simultaneously registered, which is the single most important technical object of the Bill.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Para.2.60) In the event, as will be seen below, while the 2002 Act confers power upon the Lord Chancellor to make use of the electronic system compulsory, this has not yet occurred. In the explanatory notes to the Act[4], it is stated: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The use of this power will become feasible only when electronic conveyancing has become much the most usual way of effecting transactions.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  It is submitted that this reluctance is regrettable. It has overtones of the reticence which dogged the 1925 legislation for so many decades thus inhibiting for far longer than its architects envisaged, the achievement of a comprehensive system of registration. THE NEW SYSTEM The 2002 Act The Bill passed through both Houses of Parliament with commendable rapidity receiving Royal Assent on 26 February 2002 and coming into force on 13 October 2003. It was greeted with political enthusiasm. At the time of the Royal Assent, Michael Wills, Parliamentary Secretary at the Lord Chancellorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Department exclaimed: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“This piece of legislation marks an important step towards the fulfilment of the Governmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s commitment to develop a modern basis for land registration to make conveyancing faster and cheaper. Most importantly, it will make possible the development of an electronic conveyancing system, so that land and property transactions can be completed electronically. The Act will bring more information about rights over property onto the register. This will make the property transaction pr ocess more open, improving the efficiency of the property market.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  The Scheme of the Act An Overview At the heart of the new Act lies s.91 which prescribes the formalities required for those documents in electronic form which are to be used for the dispositions specified by the rules. Such documents must make provision for the time and date that they are to take effect and must contain the certified electronic signatures of those by whom they are authenticated. A document which thus satisfies these conditions is to be regarded as being made in writing and signed and as a deed for the purpose of any enactment. The former attestation requirements do not apply in these circumstances and thus such an electronic document will satisfy the requirements of s.2 of the Law of Property (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1989 and s.52 of the Law of Property Act 1925 in respect of a written contract and the deed required to give effect to the conveyance of a legal estate. Sectio n 93 follows the compulsion scheme discussed above and provides for dispositions only to have effect when made in the appropriate electronic form and communicated to the Registrar with simultaneous registration. Subsection 5 provides that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“before making rules under this section the Lord Chancellor must consult such persons as he considers appropriateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Even disregarding the need for this process of consultation, it is therefore likely to be some time before this element of compulsion will come into effect. In order for this to happen, the electronic systems will have to be fully brought into effect (progress in this regard is considered below). However, the availability of even a non-compulsory system is likely to have a profound effect. Practitioners and clients alike are likely increasingly to favour the streamlined efficiency and security of the new system (especially given the pitfalls of the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“registration gapà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  discussed above and progress towards fully comprehensive registration is likely to be significantly enhanced. An interesting consequence of the way in which the compulsion requirement is framed is that in the event of transactions not being conducted electronically, they will have no effect. This stands in stark contrast to the present situation in which a paper transfer although it can have no legal effect until registered nonetheless gives rise to an equitable interest. Thus at present when registration is delayed, interests are created which are said to be à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“off the registerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , a situation which in some instances can last for years to the considerable detriment of a potential purchaser. It remains to be seen with what degree of rigour the courts would be prepared to penalise those who have failed to fulfil the electronic conveyancing requirements. A comparison might be made with the introduction of the requirement of writing by the Statute of Frauds 1677 in respo nse to which equity developed the doctrine of part performance. MacKenzie and Phillips[5] opine: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Overall these changes, when fully implemented, will be to the purchaserà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s advantage and will mean that he can buy with greater reliance on the register. Inevitably, though, there will be circumstances in which the terms of s.93(2) will be thought to have a disproportionate effect or in which it will appear unconscionable for one party to rely on the other partyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s failure to observe the new requirementsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Only time will tell whether the terms of s.93(2) will be strictly enforced by the courts, but some commentators are already expressing concern that they may be circumvented by the use of equitable principlesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . The New System in Practice A significant feature of the new system will be the responsibility of the Land Registry for managing chains of transactions. Where a practitioner is instru cted in respect of a conveyance and there is likely to be a chain of transactions, the practitioner will be required to notify a Registry à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“chain managerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  of that fact and keep him informed of completion of the various stages in the conveyancing process. The manager will track such progress by way of completion of a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"chain matrixà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ which includes such stages as: Contract Issued; Searches Requested; Enquiries Raised; Searches In; Enquiries Completed; Contract Approved; Mortgage Offer and Contract Exchanged. The centralisation of this monitoring process represents a significant improvement upon the previous situation in which the knowledge of the degree of advancement of each of the elements of the chain is divided between a multiplicity of solicitors and estate agents. The contract is in electronic form and signed electronically. Similarly, the draft transfer and mortgage are electronic. Contracts and transfers are to be submi tted to the Registrar for approval. This carries the further advantage as anticipated by the Law Commission of allowing the early involvement of the Registry in order that potential pitfalls may be identified and eradicated. It is to be anticipated that legal practitioners will welcome this reinforcement of their own scrutiny and, it is to be hoped, will result in a reduction of the number and frequency of professional negligence claims arising from mistakes in the conveyancing process. Particulars in the contract and draft transfer will be checked electronically to ensure consistency. Completion will now take place by means of the concurrent occurrence of the following events: Execution of the transfer and any charges in electronic form which are then transmitted to the Registry for storage; Registration of the dispositions so that the register conforms with the notional register previously agreed with the Registry; The appropriate movement of funds together with payment of any necessary Stamp Duty and Registry fees. Comparison with Paper Based Conveyancing Thus it will be observed that the electronic procedure is considerably streamlined and more efficient. Traditional methods for the marketing of property will be largely unchanged but, in common with the desire to make greater use of the new media, it is probable that there will be more use of on-line marketing. After the making and acceptance of an offer and the instruction of conveyancers, whereas full control would have previously continued at that stage to reside with practitioners, the Registry becomes involved and, where appropriate, a chain matrix is formed. Searches can now be conducted speedily by the use of electronic resources such as the National Land Information Service. It is then probable that the cumbersome process of pre-contract enquiries can be speeded by reliance upon e-mail. The next great advantage for the parties is that whereas previously the various practitioners involved would have had to enter into sometimes comp lex negotiations to achieve an appropriate timetable for exchange and completion involving numerous separate but linked transactions, this is now co-ordinated centrally by the chain manager who has general oversight and can act as a single point of contact. The exchange of contracts would then have taken place by means of a series of telephone conversations between practitioners; this is now dealt with electronically and overseen by the Registry which generates a draft register containing the proposed new title entries in readiness for completion. The need for requisitions of title at this stage is obviated. Similarly, there is no need for the previous final Land Registry Search since title is at this point frozen protecting the contract. The need for final signatures on the transfers is similarly redundant since this has been dealt with electronically. Completion may then occur in the manner described above: there is no need for the physical passing over of transfers and deeds, the Land Registry completes the process by converting the draft details into formal entries on the register. There would then have followed application for registration with the attendant pitfalls described above but this is no longer necessary since the register and thus the record of title has been instantly updated upon completion and the register is immediately accurate and safely available for inspection. The parties do not have to wait for the issue of a title document and anyone searching the register is able to do so with confidence that it is a current and accurate mirror of title. There will of course remain (a diminishing) number of instances of first registration. Once again, however, this can now be dealt with electronically without susceptibility to the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“registration gapà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . The only distinction is that in such instances, the deeds will still have to be delivered to the Registry to enable it to approve the newly registered title. LAND REGISTR Y PRACTICE Detailed Implementation of the System An à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“early yet definitiveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  statement of the services that are required to bring the e-conveyancing vision to fruition is contained in the Land Registry publication, Defining the service e-conveyancing[6]. It is envisaged that the e-conveyancing service will comprise three distinct but liked areas of service delivery: A central e-conveyancing service created and maintained by the Land Registry with appropriate IT support; An electronic funds transfer service; A à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“channel accessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  service which would allow users to access the facilities required for e-conveyancing. The first of these elements will require compatibility with existing electronic case management services in use by practitioners. It will be necessary to provide for the accurate and unique identification of individual transactions. In the case of land which is already registered this will of course be based upon the existing system of title numbering. Appropriately licensed users will then have to be able to access the various transaction details including importantly the relevant chain matrix. As with so many other aspects of the new system, this gives rise to considerations of security. Users will have to have the ability to generate electronic contracts either by means of their own resources or access to a central facility supplied by the Registry. Once generated, the contract will have to be capable of transmission both between users and the Registry and there will have to be facilities for amendment prior to exchange. This creates a potential tension because while access to a nd the ability to amend contracts must be freely available, it should be remembered that such information will not at that stage be in the public domain. The Registry will have to develop a means of validating the data supplied to it as required and it is anticipated that there will be two à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“front endà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  validation functions: first, confirmation that the mandatory data required in the various e-documents has been supplied and is correct by reference to the information already held in respect of the particular title; second, that all registration matters that require resolution before or upon completion such as consents to and the withdrawal of restrictions have been identified and appropriately attended to. If the system is to function as envisaged, there will have to be robust systems in place in order that such missing or incorrect data is located and rectified and where there is for some other reason a failure of validation, appropriate action is taken. The system will have to be sufficiently flexible to deal with the vagaries of conveyancing practice. For example, where a party wishes to withdraw from a transaction, this must be capable of instant communication and action. It is suggested that in addition to the chain matrix discussed above, the Registry will maintain a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“completion matrixà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  in order to tack all stages from exchange to completion. Electronic Funds Transfer For anyone who has witnessed the febrile atmosphere of a busy solicitorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s conveyancing department when completions are taking place, the proposals in respect of electronic funds transfer are to be particularly welcomed. It is true that the vast majority of transfers of funds are currently conducted by telegraphic transfer but this is usually between lenders, solicitors and the ultimate recipients. This means that considerable uncertainty is generated and anxiety suffered when banks are tardy or otherwise delayed in acting upon instructions to transfer funds and many purchasers suffer at best delay in gaining access to the purchased property and at worst completions which have to take place on days later than agreed. The Land Registry proposes the establishment of a centralised funds transfer service which would be independent of the e-conveyancing service and the functions of the Registry itself while supporting the operation of both. It is suggested that all transactions in a conveyancing chain that are deemed to be mutually dependant must be processed simultaneously with each other and with the exchange of contracts or completion as appropriate. In order for this to be an effective improvement, it will have to be possible to guarantee that all related transactions occur simultaneously. This is perhaps one of the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“tallest ordersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  confronting implementation of the new system. There will have to be absolute certainty in the system of payment/settlement and such t ransactions will have, of necessity to be irrevocable. The Defining the Service publication anticipates the challenges that this will pose. There will have to be sufficient capacity for the system to cope with peak times of demand and highly reliable systems back-up in order to avoid the chaos that would surely ensue were there to be a hardware or software failure. Similarly, there will have to be close liaison with the e-conveyancing service in order to ensure the validity of the transactions and to bring about the benefits which instantaneous updating of the register are deemed to confer. Security considerations will be even more paramount than in the case of access to data relating to conveyancing transactions in view of the anticipated high value of the total funds subject to transfer. It is therefore not surprising that a degree of self-doubt and external scepticism may be introduced to the anticipated functioning of the electronic system. The track record of other government d epartments such as the Child Support Agency in terms of IT performance and reliability is hardly unblemished! There are some difficult balances to be struck, for example it is said (para.5.1.1.4) that: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Access must not be irksome or onerous, but equally security must not be compromised. Security must not be cumbersome and should not reduce usability and scalability.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Similarly, if there is to be confidence in the system there will have to be absolute integrity of data and the ability implicitly to rely upon the same as authentic. Finally, specific concerns have been raised about the reliability of a system which is dependant upon electronic signatures. Such a technique is unavoidable if the aim of simultaneous streamlined transactions is to be achieved but there is inevitably the risk of the potential misuse of such signatures by third parties. The use of such signatures has become commonplace in other spheres of commercial activity for example the completion of contracts of employment but it is difficult to envisage any comparable activity in which the implications of misuse are potentially so great. Quite apart from the consequences to an individualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s holding of property in the event of fraud, the potentially vast sums of money which will be transferred as part of the electronic conveyancing process render the price of failure into a different order of magnitude. One safeguard would be to hold a solicitor or conveyancing practitioner liable in the event of misuse of his electronic signature. This is a logical step but one which then imposes great burdens upon the practitioner in terms of maintaining the security and integrity of his own systems. While welcoming the ease with which conveyancing could be conducted electronically, the downside risk of failure to ensure office and IT security is likely to prove something of a disincentive. CONCLUSION A Conveyancing Revolution? There ca n be no doubting the good intentions which underlie the reforms contained in the Land Registration Act 2002. They are a par with the spirit that motivated the classic reforms of 1925 and are directed toward substantially the same end, namely the creation of a system of transfer and interrogation of title that is comprehensive and reliable and so far as can be possibly achieved a situation in which a centralised land register is a perfect mirror of title. However, just as the 1925 Acts have been beset with unforeseen problems and the development of full registration is even after all these decades far from complete, it is possible to identify a gap between the aspirations of the Act and the ability of an e-conveyancing system to function as intended in practice. There are two notable areas of concern. The first lies in the fact that the use of electronic conveyancing will not initially (and possibly not in the foreseeable future) be compulsory. This risks the emergence of a twin trac k system comparable to that which continues to beset the present register by virtue of the continued existence of unregistered land. It is to be hoped that this would naturally diminish by degrees but this cannot be guaranteed without further government intervention. The second remains the very practical concerns of the ability of the Land Registry and any independent bodies which may be set up to complement its activities to deliver a service of the quality and reliability that is aspired to. However, in conclusion it is submitted that this may be an unduly defeatist line of argument. The emergence of new technology demands an improved system for the twenty first century that exploits such advances and it would be churlish to allow concerns over practicality and the inherent conservatism of some practitioners to stand in the way of such progress. Bibliography Abbey, R. Richards, M., A Practical Approach to Conveyancing, (7th Ed., 2005) Land Registration Act 2002 Land R egistration Act 2002 Explanatory Notes, www.opsi.gov.uk/ACTS/en2002/2002en09.htm Land Registry, Defining the service e-conveyancing, (Updated 27 February 2004) Law Commission, Land Registration for the Twenty First Century, (Law Com No.254, 1998) Law Commission, Land Registration for the Twenty-First Century A Conveyancing Revolution, (Law Com No.271, 2001) MacKenzie, J-A Phillips, M., Textbook on Land Law, (10th Ed., 2004) Smith, R., Property Law, (5th Ed., 2006) www.opsi.gov.uk www.landregistry.gov.uk/e-conveyancing/publications 1 Footnotes [1] Law Com No.254, 1998 [2] Abbey, R. Richards, M., A Practical Approach to Conveyancing, (7th Ed., 2005), p.24 [3] Law Com No.271, 2001 [4] www.opsi.gov.uk/ACTS/en2002/2002en09.htm [5] MacKenzie, J-A Phillips, M., Textbook on Land Law, (10th Ed., 2004), p.111 [6] Updated 27 February 2004